American Psychiatric Association. (1995). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.

Barnes, R. (1985). Women and self-injury. International Journal of Women's Studies, 8(5), 465-475.

Bass, E. & Kaufman, K. (1996). Free Your Mind : The Book for Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youth–And Their Allies. New York: HarperCollins.

Batty, D. (1998). Coping by Cutting. Nursing Standards, 12(29), 25-6.

Birmaher, B., Stanley, M., Greenhill, L., Twomey, J., Gavrilescu, A., & Rabinovich, H. (1990).
Platelet imipramine binding in children and adolescents with impulsive behavior. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(6), 914-918.

Brodsky, B. S., Cliotre, M, & Dulit, R. A. (1995). Relationship of dissociation to self-mutilation and childhood abuse in borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1788-92.

Buzan, R. D., Thomas, M., Dubovsky, S. L., & Treadway, J. (1995). The use of opiate antagonists for recurrent self-injurious behavior. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 7(4), 437-444.

Cauwels, J. (1992). Imbroglio: Rising to the challenges of borderline personality. New York: W. W.Norton.

Chengappa, K. N., Baker, R. W., & Sirri. (1995). Clozapine in amelioration of self-mutilation.
Journal of Personality Disorders, 9(1), 76-82.

Clarke, L. & Whittaker, M. (1998). Self-mutilation: culture, contexts, and nursing responses.
Journal of Clinical Nursing, 7(2), 129-37.

Coccaro, E. F. & Kavoussi, R. J. (1997a). Fluoxetine and impulsive aggressive behavior in
personality-disordered subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54(12), 1081-1088.

Coccaro, E. F., Kavoussi, R. J., & Hauger, R. L. (1997b). Serotonin function and
antiaggressive response to fluoxetine: a pilot study. Biological Psychiatry, 42(7), 546-552.

Coccaro, E. F., Kavoussi, R. J. , Sheline, Y. I., Berman, M. E., & Csernansky, J. G. (1997c).
Impulsive aggression in personality disorder correlates with platelet 5-HT2A receptor binding. Neuropsychopharmacology, 16(3), 211-216.

Cowdry, R. W. & Gardner, D. L. (1988). Pharmacotherapy of borderline personality disorder:
Alprazolam, carbamazepine, trifluoperazine, and tranylcypromine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45(2), 111-119.

Crawford, M. J., Turnbull, G., & Wessely, S. (1998). Deliberate self harm assessment by
accident and emergency staff — an intervention study. Journal of Accident and Emergency Medicine, 15(1), 18-22.

Cronkite, K. (1995). On the Edge of Darkness: Conversations about conquering depression. New York: Delta.

Dallam, S. J. (1997). The identification and management of self-mutilating patients in primary care. The Nurse Practitioner, 22(5), 151-158.

DiClemente, R., Ponton, L., & Hartley, D. (1991). Prevalence and correlates of cutting behavior: risk for HIV transmission. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30 (5), 735-739.

Favaro, A. & Santonastaso, P. (1998). Impulsive and compulsive self-injurious behavior in bulimia nervosa: prevalence and psychological correlates. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186(3), 157-65.

Favazza, A. R. (1998). The coming of age of self-mutilation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186(5), 259-68.

Favazza, A. R. (1996). Bodies Under Siege: Self-Mutilation and Body Modification in Culture and Psychiatry, 2nd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Favazza, A. R. (1989). Why patients mutilate themselves. Hospital and Community Psychiatry.

Favazza, A. R. (1987). Bodies Under Siege: Self-Mutilation in Culture and Psychiatry.
Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Favazza, A. R. & Conterio, K. (1988). The plight of chronic self-mutilators. Community Mental Health journal, 24, 22-30.

Favazza, A. R. & Conterio, K. (1988). Self mutilation and eating disorders. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, Fall.

Favazza, A. R. & Rosenthal, R. J. (1993). Diagnostic issues in self-mutilation. Hospital and Community Psychiatry. 44(2), 134-140.

Ferreira de Castro, E., Cunha, M. A., Pimenta, F., & Costa, I. (1998). Parasuicide and mental disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 97(1), 25-31.

Foa, E. B. & Wilson, R. (1991). Stop Obsessing: How to Overcome Your Obsessions and Compulsions. New York: Bantam.

Golden, B. & Walker-O'Keefe, J. (1986). Self-injury: Hidden pain in the workplace. EAP Digest, Nov/Dec, 13, 68-69.

Haines, J. & Williams, C. L. (1997). Coping and problem solving of self-mutilators. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(2), 177-186.

Haines, J., Williams, C. L., Brain, K. L., Wilson, G. V. (1995). The psychophysiology of
self-mutilation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(3), 471-489.

Hammock, R. G., Schroeder, S. R., & Levine, W. R. (1995). The effect of clozapine on
self-injurious behavior. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 25(6), 611-626.

Hartgrove Hospital. (1995). Self-Injury Information Packet.

Hawton, K. (1990). Self-cutting: Can it be prevented? In Hawton, K. & Cowen, P. J. (ed)
Dilemmas and difficulties in the management of psychiatric patients. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hawton, K., Arensman, E., Townsend, E., Bremner, S., Feldman, E., Goldney, R., Gunnell, D., Hazell, P., van Heeringen, K., House, A., Owens, D., Safinosky, I., & Traskman-Bendz, L. (1998). Deliberate self harm: systematic review of efficacy of psychosocial and pharmacological treatments in preventing repetition. BMJ, 317(7156), 441-7.

Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and Recovery. New York: BasicBooks.

Herpertz, S., Sass, H., & Favazza, A. R. (1997). Impulsivity in self-mutilative behavior:
psychometric and biological findings. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 31(4), 451-465.

Herpertz, S., Steinmeyer, S. M., Marx, D., Oidtmann, A., & Sass, H. (1995). The significance of aggression and impulsivity for self-mutilative behavior. Pharmacopsychiatry, 28(Suppl 2), 64-72.

Hogg, C. & Burke, M. (1998). Many people think self-injury is just a form of attention seeking. Nursing Times, 94(5), 53.

Kahan, J. & Pattison, E. M. (1983). The deliberate self-harm syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 867-872.

Kahan, J. & Pattison, E. M. (1984). Proposal for a distinctive diagnosis: the Deliberate Self-Harm Syndrome. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 14, 17-35.

Kastner, T., Finesmith, R., & Walsh, K. (1993). Long-term administration of valproic acid in the treatment of affective symptoms in people with mental retardation. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 13(6), 448-451.

Kavoussi, R. J., Liu, J., & Coccaro, E. F. (1994). An open trial of sertraline in personality
disordered patients with impulsive aggression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55(4), 137-141.

Kehrberg, C. (1997). Self-mutilating behavior. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 10(3), 35-40.

Kernberg, O. F. (1986). Severe Personality Disorders: Psychotherapeutic Strategies. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Khouzam, H. R., & Donnelly, N. J. (1997). Remission of self-mutilation in a patient with borderline personality during risperidone therapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185(5), 348-349.

Kreisman, J. & Straus, H. (1989). I Hate You — Don't Leave Me! New York: Avon Press.

Kubetin, C. & Mallory, J. D. (1992). Beyond the Darkness. Dallas: Word/Rapha.

Landecker, H. (1992). The role of childhood sexual trauma in the etiology of borderline personality disorder: Considerations for Diagnosis and Treatment. Psychotherapy, 29, 234-42.

Linehan, M. M. (1993a). Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: The Guilford Press.

Linehan, M. M. (1993b). Skills Training Manual for Treating Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: The Guilford Press.

Linehan, M. M., Armstrong, H., Suarez, A. Allmon, D. & Heard, H. (1991). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of chronically parasuicidal borderline patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 1060-1064.

Linehan, M. M., Oldham, J. & Silk, K. (1995). Dx: Personality disorder– now what? Patient Care, 29(11), 75-83.

Linehan, M. M., Tutek, D., Heard, H. & Armstrong, H. (1992). Interpersonal outcome of cognitive behavioral treatment for chronically suicidal borderline patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(12), 1771-1775.

Loughrey, L., Jackson, J., Molla, P., & Wobbleton, J. (1997). Patient self-mutilation: when nursing becomes a nightmare. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 35(4), 30-4.

Luiselli, J. K., Matson, J. L. & Singh, N. N., eds. (1992). Self-injurious behavior: analysis,
assessment, and treatment. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Malinosky-Rummell, R. & Hansen, D. J. (1993). Long-term consequences of childhood physical abuse. Psychological Bulletin 114(1), 68-79.

Malon, D. W. & Berardi, D. (1987). Hypnosis with self-cutters. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 50(4), 531-541.

Markovitz, P. J., Calabrese, J. R., Schulz, S. C., & Meltzer, H. Y. (1991). Fluoxetine in the
treatment of borderline and schizotypal personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148(8), 1064-1067.

Marziali, E., &Munroe-Blum, H. (1994). Interpersonal Group Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: BasicBooks.

Miller, D. (1994). Women Who Hurt Themselves: A Book of Hope and Understanding. New York: BasicBooks.

Morgan, H. (1979). Death Wishes? The Understanding and Management of Deliberate Self-Harm. New York: Wiley.

Moskovitz, R. A. (1996). Lost in the Mirror. Dallas:Taylor.

New, A. S., Trestman, R. L., Mitropoulou, V., Benishay, D. S., Coccaro, E., Silverman, J., & Siever,L. J. (1997). Serotonergic function and self-injurious behavior in personality disorder patients. Psychiatry Research, 69(1), 17-26.

Richardson, J. S. & Zaleski, W. A. (1983). Endogenous opiates and self-mutilation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 938-939.

Ricketts, R. W., Goza, A. B., Ellis, C. R., Singh, Y. N., Singh, N. N., & Cooke J. C. 3d. (1993).
Fluoxetine treatment of severe self-injury in young adults with mental retardation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(4), 865-869.

Roberts, A. R., ed. (1975). Self-destructive Behavior. Springfield, IL: Thomas.

Simeon, D., Stanley, B., Frances, A., Mann, J. J., Winchel, R., & Stanley, M. (1992). Self-mutilation in personality disorders: psychological and biological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(2), 221-226.

Simpson, E. B., Pistorello, J., Begin, A., Costello, E., Levinson, J., Mulberry, S., Pearlstein, T., Rosen, K., & Stevens, M. (1998). Use of dialectical behavior therapy in a partial hospital program for women with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatric Services, 49(5). 669-73.

Solomon, Y. & Farrand, J. (1996). "Why don't you do it properly?" Young women who self-injure. Journal of Adolescence, 19(2), 111-119.

Sonne, S., Rubey, R., Brady, K., Malcolm, R., & Morris, T. (1996). Naltrexone treatment of
self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184(3), 192-195.

Sovner, R., Fox, C. J., Lowry, M. J., & Lowry M. A. (1993). Fluoxetine treatment of depression and associated self-injury in two adults with mental retardation. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 37(Pt 3), 301-311.

Stein, D. J., Trestman, R. L., Mitropoulou, V., Coccaro, E. F., Hollander, E., & Siever, L. J. (1996). Impulsivity and serotonergic function in compulsive personality disorder. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 8(4), 393-398.

Stoff, D. M., Pollock, L., Vitiello, B., Behar, D., & Bridger, W. H. (1987). Reduction of
(3H)-imipramine binding sites on platelets of conduct-disordered children. Neuropsychopharmacology, 1(1), 55-62 .

Wakefield, H. & Underwager, R. (1994). Return of the Furies: An investigation into recovered memory therapy. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Company.

Walsh, B. W. & Rosen, P. M. (1988). Self-Mutilation: Theory, Research, and Treatment. New York: Guilford Press.

Winchel, R. M. & Stanley, M. (1991). Self-Injurious behavior: A review of the behavior and biology of self-mutilation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148(3), 306-315.

Witherspoon, T. (1990). Self destruction. Employee Assistance, March, 11-12, 14.

Yaryura-Tobias. J. A., Neziroglu F A., & Kaplan S. (1995). Self-mutilation, anorexia, and dysmenorrhea in obsessive compulsive disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 17(1), 33-38.